Polymers and Plastics: Structure, Production and Environmental Effects

 Raw polymer is the general term for various types of polymeric materials, and therefore, it does not have a single formula. Instead, a specific formula is needed for a particular type of raw polymer.

For example, the chemical formula for a type of raw polymer called polyethylene (PE) is as follows:

\[ (CH_2CH_2)_n \]

Here, \( n \) represents the number of repeating ethylene monomers in the polymer chain. Therefore, the molecular structure of polyethylene consists of repeated CH2CH2 monomers polymerized in a chain.

How are polymers made?

Polymers are made by the coming together of small molecules called monomers to form long, chain-like polymer molecules. This process is called polymerization, and there are two types:

1. Solid-State Polymerization: In this method, monomers react to form polymer chains using temperature, pressure, and/or solvent. This method is slower and more expensive.

2. Solution Polymerization: Monomers dissolve in a solvent, and an initiator agent (usually a peroxide) is added. This agent initiates the polymerization of monomers. This method is faster and cheaper.

The production of polymers can be achieved through various methods in the industry. While some polymers require specialized equipment, others can be produced at home or in small-scale laboratories. However, a good understanding and control of polymerization reactions are essential for the proper production of polymers.

What materials are in plastic?

Plastics can be made from various components, with petrochemical-derived polymers being the most common. These polymers are produced by the polymerization of monomers derived from crude oil and natural gas in the petrochemical industry. The following substances are components of commonly used plastics:

1. Polyethylene (PE): Produced by the polymerization of ethylene monomers.

2. Polypropylene (PP): Produced by the polymerization of propylene monomers.

3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Produced by the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers.

4. Polystyrene (PS): Produced by the polymerization of styrene monomers.

5. Polyurethane (PU): Produced by the reaction of isocyanate and alcohol monomers.

6. Polycarbonate (PC): Produced by the reaction of Bisphenol A and Phosgene monomers.

In addition to these substances, plastics may also contain fillers, stabilizers, colorants, and other additives. Plastics are widely used due to their low cost, durability, and versatility in shaping. However, their environmental impact is a serious concern.

Keywords: Polymers, Plastics, Polymer production, Plastic production, Petrochemicals, Recyclable plastics, Bioplastics, Applications of polymers, Plastic waste.